Apoptosis is a highly regulated and programmed process of cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. Unlike necrosis, which is a form of traumatic cell death resulting from acute injury, apoptosis is an orderly and energy-dependent process that allows cells to die without causing inflammation or damage to surrounding tissues. It plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, development, and immune system function. At the molecular level, apoptosis is controlled by a balance between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins, primarily members of the Bcl-2 family. Pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax and Bak, promote mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, leading to the release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm. This release triggers the activation of caspases, a family of cysteine proteases that execute the