Conflict resolution in international relations often involves coercive methods that seek to compel a state or non-state actor to alter its behaviour through the threat or use of force. These methods are generally classified into coercive measures short of war and coercive measures through war. While they may produce immediate political or military outcomes, their long-term implications for peace, stability, and international cooperation remain highly contested. Coercive methods short of war include economic sanctions, diplomatic isolation, political pressure, military deterrence, arms embargoes, cyber operations, and limited demonstrations of force. Economic sanctions are among the most widely used instruments. States or international organizations such as the United Nations impose trade restrictions, financial sanctions, or asset freezes to pressure governments into complying with international norms. For example, sanctions have been imposed on Iran over its nuclear programme and on Russia following its actions in Ukraine. Although sanctions may weaken a state's economy and influence policy decisions, they often impose severe humanitarian costs on civilian populations while political elites remain relatively unaffected. Diplomatic isolation involves suspending diplomatic relations, expelling ambassadors, excluding states from international organizations,