Question
Analyse the recent trends and patterns of urbanisation in India.
Answer :
Word Count : 724
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Urbanisation in India has undergone significant transformation in recent decades due to rapid economic development, industrialisation, technological advancement, and demographic changes. India, traditionally a rural society, has witnessed a steady increase in the proportion of its urban population. According to the Census of India and subsequent population estimates, urban growth has accelerated because of both natural population increase and migration from rural to urban areas. Urbanisation in India is no longer confined to metropolitan cities but has expanded to medium-sized towns, peri-urban regions, and emerging urban centres. One of the most prominent trends is the rapid growth of metropolitan cities. Cities such as Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, Pune, and Kolkata have expanded enormously in terms of population, physical area, and economic activities. These metropolitan regions have become centres of employment, education, healthcare, innovation, and infrastructure development. The expansion of urban boundaries has resulted in the formation of urban agglomerations where neighbouring towns and villages become integrated into larger metropolitan systems. Another significant trend is the emergence of smart cities and planned urban development. The Government of India launched the Smart Cities Mission to improve urban infrastructure, promote digital governance, ensure efficient public services, and encourage sustainable urban planning. Investments in intelligent transport systems, waste management, water supply, and e-governance reflect the changing approach towards urban development. Migration continues to be a major driver of urbanisation. Rural-to-urban migration occurs because of the availability of employment opportunities, better educational institutions, healthcare facilities, and higher standards of living in cities. Push factors such as agricultural distress, land fragmentation, unemployment, and environmental degradation in rural areas also encourage migration. Seasonal and circular migration has become increasingly common, particularly among workers employed in construction, manufacturing, and informal service sectors. The growth of the service
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