Peace-building refers to the long-term process of preventing the recurrence of conflict by addressing its root causes, strengthening institutions, promoting reconciliation, and creating conditions for sustainable peace. Over the years, several theories of peace-building have emerged, each offering distinct approaches to resolving conflicts and maintaining stability. Liberal peace-building is one of the most influential theories. It argues that democratic governance, the rule of law, market-oriented economic reforms, human rights, and strong institutions create the foundations for lasting peace. International organizations such as the United Nations, World Bank, and regional bodies have frequently adopted this model in post-conflict reconstruction. Liberal peace-building has contributed to democratic transitions and institutional development in countries such as Sierra Leone and Liberia. However, critics argue that externally imposed democratic and economic reforms often fail to consider local political, cultural, and historical realities. Such interventions may weaken local ownership and produce fragile peace rather than sustainable stability. Conflict transformation theory, associated with scholars like John Paul Lederach, emphasizes changing the underlying relationships, attitudes, and social structures that generate conflict. Rather than merely ending violence, it seeks to transform hostile relationships into cooperative ones through dialogue, reconciliation, trust-building, and inclusive participation. This theory has been applied effectively in peace processes such as those in Northern Ireland and South Africa, where long-term reconciliation played a crucial role. Its limitation lies in the significant time, resources,