The emergence and expansion of the Indian middle class is closely linked with the processes of economic liberalisation and globalisation that began in India during the early 1990s. Before liberalisation, the Indian middle class was relatively limited in size and was mainly composed of government employees, professionals, teachers, academics, and small business groups. The post-independence economic structure, based on state-led development and regulated markets, restricted opportunities for large-scale private sector growth. However, the introduction of economic reforms in 1991 transformed the economic and social landscape of India by promoting market-oriented policies, privatisation, foreign investment, and integration with the global economy. Economic liberalisation created new employment opportunities, particularly in sectors such as information technology, banking, finance, telecommunications, management, and service industries. The growth of multinational corporations and expansion of private enterprises contributed to the rise of a new urban middle class with higher incomes, greater consumption capacity, and global exposure. The expansion of higher education, professional institutions, and technological advancement further enabled individuals from diverse social backgrounds to enter middle-class occupations. As