Affirmative action policy refers to a set of measures designed to promote equal opportunities for historically disadvantaged or marginalized groups in social, educational, and employment spheres. The policy emerged as a response to long-standing social inequalities caused by discrimination based on race, caste, gender, or ethnicity. In social and political philosophy, affirmative action is often justified on the grounds of achieving social justice, equality of opportunity, and fair representation in public institutions. Proponents argue that formal equality alone is insufficient because historical disadvantages continue to affect access to education, employment, and social mobility. Therefore, affirmative action aims to correct structural inequalities through preferential treatment or targeted support programs. One of the major philosophical foundations of affirmative action is distributive justice. Thinkers associated with liberal egalitarianism argue that society must ensure fair distribution of resources and opportunities. According to this perspective, social advantages accumulated by privileged groups over generations cannot be ignored when designing public policies. Affirmative action seeks to level the playing field by providing reservations, scholarships, or employment quotas for disadvantaged communities. In many democratic societies, such policies are seen as instruments to promote inclusive development and strengthen social harmony. Another important justification for