The idea–expression dichotomy is a foundational principle in intellectual property law, particularly in copyright law, which establishes a clear distinction between an idea and the expression of that idea. According to this doctrine, ideas themselves are not protected by intellectual property rights, but the specific manner in which those ideas are expressed can be protected. This distinction ensures a balance between encouraging creativity and maintaining the free flow of knowledge and innovation in society. At its core, the idea–expression dichotomy recognizes that ideas are abstract, general, and often universal in nature. They form the building blocks of creativity and innovation and must remain accessible to everyone. For instance, concepts such as love, betrayal, heroism, or scientific theories like gravity are ideas that cannot be monopolized by any individual. If ideas were granted exclusive rights, it would severely restrict creativity and hinder progress, as others would be unable to build upon or reinterpret these fundamental concepts. On the other hand, expression refers to the concrete form in which an idea is communicated. This includes literary works, artistic creations, musical compositions, films, software code, and other tangible representations. Copyright law protects these expressions because they involve skill, labor, and creativity in translating abstract ideas into perceivable forms. For example, while the idea of a tragic love story is not protected, a specific novel, such as the narrative structure, characters, dialogues, and settings created by an author, constitutes expression and is eligible for protection. The rationale