Penetration testing refers to a systematic and authorized process of evaluating the security of computer systems, networks, web applications, or digital infrastructures by simulating real-world cyberattacks. The main objective of penetration testing is to identify vulnerabilities, security gaps, and potential entry points that malicious attackers could exploit. Unlike illegal hacking, penetration testing is conducted ethically with prior permission from the organization and within a defined scope. It helps organizations understand how their systems respond under attack conditions and enables them to strengthen defensive mechanisms. In the context of technology use in cyberspace, penetration testing plays a critical role in protecting digital assets, ensuring data confidentiality, and maintaining trust in online platforms and services. As cyber threats grow more advanced with the use of automation, artificial intelligence, and sophisticated attack tools, organizations increasingly rely on penetration testing as a proactive strategy rather than waiting for breaches to occur. The penetration testing process generally follows a structured methodology to ensure thorough assessment and accurate reporting. The first phase is planning and reconnaissance, where testers gather information about the target environment. This may include domain names, IP addresses, system architecture, employee information, and publicly available data. Passive reconnaissance involves collecting information without interacting directly with the system, while active reconnaissance includes direct engagement with the target infrastructure. The goal is to understand the attack surface and identify potential vulnerabilities before attempting exploitation. Proper scope definition, legal authorization, and agreement on testing objectives are also established in this stage to ensure ethical compliance and minimize operational risks. The second phase is scanning and enumeration. In this step, testers analyze the collected data to identify active systems, open ports, running services, and possible security weaknesses. Automated