Spectral signatures are unique patterns of reflectance or emittance of electromagnetic radiation from different Earth surface features across various wavelengths. Every material on Earth’s surface—such as water, vegetation, soil, snow, and urban structures—interacts with sunlight and emits or reflects radiation differently, creating a distinct spectral signature. These signatures are crucial for remote sensing and climate change assessment tools, as they help in identifying and monitoring changes in land cover and surface properties over time. Vegetation, for instance, has a well-known spectral signature characterized by strong absorption in the visible range, particularly in the blue (450–495 nm) and red (620–750 nm) bands due to chlorophyll absorption, and strong reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) region (750–1300 nm). This behavior is the basis of vegetation indices like NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), widely used to assess plant health, biomass, and land cover changes related to climate change impacts. Water bodies exhibit a spectral signature with strong absorption in the NIR and shortwave infrared (SWIR) regions, while showing higher reflectance in the visible spectrum, especially in the blue region. The variation in water reflectance can indicate turbidity, chlorophyll concentration, or presence of pollutants, which are important indicators