Analysing vulnerability to climate change is a critical process that allows researchers, policymakers, and communities to understand the extent to which natural and human systems are susceptible to climate variability and long-term shifts in climate patterns. Vulnerability is typically understood as a function of three main components: exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Exposure refers to the degree to which a system is subject to climatic stresses such as temperature rise, droughts, floods, or sea-level rise. Sensitivity relates to how strongly the system is affected by these changes, while adaptive capacity represents the ability of the system to adjust, cope, or recover from adverse impacts. To examine vulnerability, different methods and tools have been developed that combine scientific analysis with participatory approaches. Climate change assessment tools are essential in operationalising these methods, providing frameworks for systematically evaluating vulnerability and enabling evidence-based decision-making. One of the primary methods for analysing vulnerability involves indicator-based approaches. This method develops a set of indicators that reflect the three components of vulnerability: exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. For example, exposure indicators may include frequency of heatwaves, annual rainfall variability, or projections of sea-level rise in a particular region. Sensitivity indicators could involve the share of agriculture in local livelihoods, the proportion of population living in flood-prone areas, or dependence on climate-sensitive sectors such as fisheries. Adaptive capacity indicators often include education levels, infrastructure quality, access to health services, and institutional support mechanisms. These indicators are then normalised, weighted, and combined to generate vulnerability indices, which allow for comparison across regions or sectors. The Climate Vulnerability Index (CVI) and the Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI) are examples of such tools. Indicator-based approaches are particularly useful for large-scale assessments and policy prioritisation, although they are sometimes criticised for being highly dependent on data availability and methodological choices. Another widely used method is participatory vulnerability assessment. This approach actively involves local communities in identifying the climatic risks they face, their perceptions of vulnerability, and the strategies they already employ to cope with climate variability. Participatory methods often include tools such as focus group discussions, participatory mapping, seasonal calendars, and vulnerability matrices. For instance, farmers in drought-prone areas can map the parts of their land most affected