Transnational air pollution refers to air contaminants that travel across national boundaries through atmospheric circulation, affecting regions far from their original sources. To address this shared environmental challenge, countries have developed multilateral agreements aimed at cooperation, regulation, and reduction of harmful emissions. One of the most significant agreements in this field is the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP), adopted in 1979 under the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. This convention was the first international legally binding instrument dealing specifically with air pollution on a broad regional basis. It established frameworks for scientific cooperation, monitoring, and policy measures among member states to reduce pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter that cause acid rain, smog, and ecosystem damage across borders. A related development under the CLRTAP framework is the Gothenburg Protocol of 1999, which set legally binding emission ceilings for sulfur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, and volatile organic compounds. These pollutants contribute to acidification, eutrophication, and ground-level ozone formation, all of which