Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a critical tool used to evaluate the potential environmental and health consequences of proposed projects, policies, or programs before they are implemented. In the context of environmental health, EIA plays a crucial role in identifying risks associated with air and water pollution, chemical exposure, noise, waste management, and other factors that can adversely affect human health. The EIA process is guided by a series of laws, regulations, and guidelines that ensure systematic assessment and public participation. These legal frameworks are designed to prevent environmental degradation, promote sustainable development, and protect public health by integrating environmental considerations into decision-making processes. In India, EIA regulations are primarily governed under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, which empowers the central government to protect and improve environmental quality and to regulate activities that may cause environmental harm. The act provides the legal foundation for subsequent EIA notifications and guidelines. The most widely referenced notification is the EIA Notification of 2006, issued by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), which lays down the procedure for screening, scoping, public consultation, and appraisal of projects based on their potential environmental impacts. Projects are categorized under different schedules based on their type and size, and mandatory EIA is required for those listed in these schedules. This categorization ensures that industries, infrastructure projects, and developmental activities with significant environmental and health implications are subjected to rigorous assessment. EIA laws require the preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) by the project proponents. The EIS is a comprehensive document that evaluates the potential impacts of a project on air quality, water resources, soil, flora and fauna, noise levels, and social and cultural environments. Importantly, in the context of environmental health, the EIS assesses exposure to pollutants, occupational hazards, and risks to surrounding communities, including vulnerable populations such as children, elderly, and those with pre-existing health conditions. It also suggests mitigation measures to minimize adverse health effects, such as installing pollution control devices, implementing safe waste disposal methods, and monitoring health indicators during and after project implementation. Guidelines issued by the MoEFCC further elaborate on the methodology, scope, and requirements of EIA studies. These guidelines emphasize a systematic approach, including baseline data collection, prediction of impacts, evaluation of risks, and