The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) is an important policy framework launched by the Government of India in 2008 to address the growing challenges of climate change through a comprehensive and integrated approach. It reflects the country’s commitment to sustainable development while simultaneously balancing the twin objectives of economic growth and environmental protection. The NAPCC is based on the recognition that climate change is not only an environmental issue but also a developmental challenge that affects agriculture, water resources, energy security, health, and ecosystems. India’s strategy through this plan is designed to promote adaptation, mitigation, and energy efficiency while considering the socio-economic conditions of the country and ensuring inclusive growth. The NAPCC is guided by the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities” under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. This principle acknowledges that while India has a relatively low per capita carbon emission compared to developed nations, its large population and dependence on climate-sensitive sectors make it highly vulnerable to climate impacts. Therefore, the plan emphasizes proactive measures to improve energy efficiency, develop renewable energy resources, and enhance adaptive capacity of communities, especially the poor who are most affected by climate variability. The NAPCC does not set specific emission reduction targets but focuses on achieving sustainable development pathways that reduce carbon intensity in the long run. The NAPCC is structured around eight core National Missions which serve as the central pillars of India’s climate action strategy. These missions target different sectors that contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions or are highly vulnerable to climate impacts. Each mission is designed with a long-term vision, institutional mechanisms, and implementation frameworks to achieve the overall objectives of reducing climate risks and advancing low-carbon growth. The first of these is the National Solar Mission, which aims to promote the use of solar energy for power generation and other applications. The mission seeks to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels by increasing the share of solar power in the energy mix. It sets ambitious targets for the installation of grid-connected solar capacity, development of solar parks, promotion of rooftop solar systems, and encouragement of off-grid solar applications in rural and remote areas. By doing so, it contributes to energy security, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, and creates green jobs. The second mission is the National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency. This mission focuses on promoting energy efficiency in industries, commercial buildings, and households. It introduces market-based mechanisms such as Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT), which incentivizes industries to reduce their energy consumption and trade the surplus savings. It also includes the Energy Efficiency Financing Platform (EEFP) and the Framework for Energy Efficient Economic Development (FEED) to mobilize financial resources for energy-efficient projects. Through these initiatives, the mission contributes to reducing energy intensity in the economy while simultaneously saving costs and reducing emissions. The third mission is the National Mission on