Cost-benefit analysis is a systematic decision-making tool used in integrated environment management to evaluate whether a project, policy, or environmental intervention is economically and socially worthwhile. It involves comparing the total expected costs of an action with its total expected benefits to determine whether the benefits outweigh the costs. In both urban and rural environmental planning, this method helps policymakers allocate limited resources efficiently while promoting sustainable development and environmental protection. The process of cost-benefit analysis generally begins with identifying all potential costs and benefits associated with a proposed project. Costs may include financial expenditures, environmental degradation, social displacement, maintenance expenses, and opportunity costs. Benefits may include improved environmental quality, increased employment opportunities, enhanced public health, economic growth, and long-term ecological sustainability. Once identified, these costs and benefits are quantified in monetary terms as far as possible to enable objective comparison. When certain environmental or social impacts cannot be easily monetized, qualitative assessments are also incorporated. In urban environmental management, cost-benefit analysis is often used when planning infrastructure projects such as metro rail systems, waste management plants,