Blindness and low vision are conditions that affect a child’s ability to see and interact with the environment effectively. Blindness refers to a complete or near-complete lack of visual perception, where a child cannot see anything or can only perceive light but no shapes or details. Low vision, on the other hand, describes a significant reduction in visual acuity that cannot be corrected fully with standard glasses, contact lenses, medication, or surgery, yet the child retains some usable vision. Children with low vision may have difficulty recognizing faces, reading standard print, or navigating unfamiliar surroundings, which can affect learning, social interaction, and overall development. Understanding these conditions is crucial in early childhood education and intervention to support inclusion and enhance developmental outcomes. Common causes of blindness and low vision in children can be both congenital and acquired. Congenital causes include genetic conditions such as albinism, congenital cataracts, retinopathy of prematurity, and inherited retinal dystrophies. Premature birth, maternal infections during pregnancy like rubella, cytomegalovirus, or toxoplasmosis, and perinatal complications can also contribute to visual impairment in infants. Acquired causes develop after birth and may include trauma, infections like measles or meningitis, vitamin A deficiency, glaucoma, cataracts, and eye injuries. In some cases, neurological conditions affecting the brain’s visual pathways, such as cerebral