International business refers to all commercial transactions involving the exchange of goods, services, technology, capital, knowledge, and human resources across national boundaries. Globalisation has significantly expanded the scope and complexity of international business by integrating national economies through trade liberalisation, technological advancements, digital communication, and increased cross-border investment. Today, firms operate in multiple countries, serving global markets while adapting to local conditions. One of the key characteristics of international business is cross-border operations. Companies manufacture, source, market, and distribute products in different countries to gain access to resources, customers, and competitive advantages. Apple Inc., for example, designs its products in the United States, sources components from countries such as South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan, and assembles them primarily in China and India before selling them worldwide. Another characteristic is the diversity of business environments. International firms must deal with different political systems, legal frameworks, economic conditions, cultural values, and consumer preferences. McDonald's demonstrates this by adapting its menu according to local tastes, offering vegetarian products in India, Teriyaki Burgers in Japan, and halal-certified products in many Muslim-majority countries. International business also involves multiple currencies and foreign exchange risks. Companies engaged in exports, imports, and foreign investments must manage fluctuations in exchange rates through financial instruments and effective risk management strategies. Large-scale foreign direct investment (FDI) is another important feature. Multinational corporations establish subsidiaries, manufacturing plants, research centres, and marketing offices abroad to strengthen their global presence. Toyota has manufacturing facilities across North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa,