Australia’s participation in nuclear non-proliferation has been shaped by its identity as a middle power, its commitment to global security, and its dependence on a rules-based international order. Although Australia possesses one of the world’s largest reserves of uranium, it has chosen not to develop nuclear weapons and instead aligned its foreign policy with international efforts to prevent the spread of nuclear arms. This policy reflects both normative commitments to disarmament and pragmatic concerns about maintaining security in a volatile Indo-Pacific region. Australia is a long-standing member of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), which it ratified in 1973, and the treaty remains the cornerstone of its nuclear diplomacy. By committing to the NPT, Australia pledged not to develop or acquire nuclear weapons, while simultaneously promoting peaceful uses of nuclear technology under strict safeguards. The country has consistently supported the strengthening of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and its verification mechanisms to ensure compliance with non-proliferation obligations. As a significant