Plant Breeder Rights (PBRs) are a form of intellectual property protection granted to breeders for the development of new plant varieties that are novel, distinct, uniform, and stable. While the concept aims to encourage innovation in plant breeding and agricultural development, the enforcement of PBRs faces numerous practical, legal, socio-economic, and institutional challenges. These problems are particularly significant in developing countries where agriculture is deeply intertwined with traditional practices, informal seed systems, and resource constraints. One of the primary problems in enforcing PBRs is the difficulty in identifying and proving infringement. Unlike patents on mechanical inventions, plant varieties can reproduce and spread naturally through seeds, pollen, or vegetative propagation. Farmers may unknowingly use protected varieties, especially when seeds are exchanged informally or mixed with other varieties. Detecting unauthorized use requires sophisticated testing methods such as DNA profiling, which are often expensive and not readily accessible in many regions. The lack of technical infrastructure and trained personnel further complicates the process of monitoring and enforcement. Another significant issue arises from the coexistence of formal and informal seed systems. In many agrarian societies, farmers rely heavily on traditional practices such as saving, reusing, exchanging, and selling seeds within local communities. These practices often conflict with the exclusive rights granted to breeders under PBR regimes. Enforcing PBRs strictly may disrupt these age-old systems, leading to resistance from farming communities. Moreover, the informal nature of these systems makes it difficult to trace the origin of seeds and establish whether a protected variety has been used without authorization. The concept of farmers’ rights also poses a challenge to the enforcement of PBRs. Many legal frameworks, especially in countries like India, attempt to balance breeders’ rights with farmers’ rights by allowing farmers to save, use, exchange, and even sell farm-saved seeds, provided they do not sell branded seeds. This creates a grey area in enforcement, as distinguishing between legitimate farmer activities and infringement becomes complex. Breeders may find it difficult to assert their rights without appearing to undermine farmers’ livelihoods and traditional practices. Another problem is the lack of awareness among stakeholders. Many farmers are not aware of the existence of PBRs or the legal implications of using protected varieties. Similarly, small-scale breeders and local institutions may lack knowledge about how to register and enforce their rights. This lack of awareness leads to unintentional violations and weak enforcement. Educational and extension services are often insufficient to bridge this gap, particularly in rural and remote areas. The high cost and complexity of legal procedures also hinder effective enforcement. Registering a plant variety, maintaining protection, and pursuing legal action against infringers involve significant financial and administrative burdens. Small breeders, public research institutions, and individual innovators may not have the resources to engage in