Solar thermal technologies operate on the fundamental principle of converting sunlight into heat energy, which can then be used for various applications such as electricity generation, water heating, and industrial processes. Unlike photovoltaic systems, which directly convert sunlight into electricity, solar thermal systems harness the thermal energy of the sun through absorption and concentration. The underlying mechanism involves capturing solar radiation, typically using collectors that contain a working fluid, and then transferring this heat for practical use. At the core of solar thermal technology is the concept of solar radiation absorption and heat transfer. Flat-plate collectors, for instance, absorb sunlight over a broad surface area. These collectors are typically composed of a dark, heat-absorbing material coated to maximize absorption and minimize reflection, backed by insulation to reduce heat loss.