Online contracts, also known as electronic contracts or e-contracts, are agreements formed and executed through digital communication and internet-based platforms. While they facilitate rapid commercial transactions across geographical boundaries and reduce paperwork, several legal, technical, and ethical issues arise from their use in commerce and cyberspace. One major issue concerns the formation of a valid contract. Traditional contract law requires offer, acceptance, consideration, free consent, and lawful object. In online environments, determining when and where acceptance occurs can be complex. For example, in click-wrap, browse-wrap, and shrink-wrap agreements, questions arise regarding whether the user has genuinely consented to the terms. Many users click “I agree” without reading the conditions, raising concerns about informed consent and the enforceability of such agreements. Courts often examine whether reasonable notice of terms was provided and whether the user had a meaningful opportunity to review them. Another significant issue is authentication and identity verification. In cyberspace, parties do not interact face-to-face, making it difficult to confirm the true identity and legal capacity of the contracting party. Fraudulent misrepresentation, identity theft, and impersonation are common risks. Digital signatures and electronic authentication mechanisms attempt to address this problem, but their security and reliability may still be challenged, especially in cross-border transactions. Jurisdiction and applicable law present further complications. Online contracts