The French Revolution of 1789 stands as one of the most significant turning points in modern European history, reshaping not only France but also influencing political thought and revolutionary movements across the world. Its origins lay in a complex interplay of social, economic, political, and intellectual factors that gradually created an atmosphere ripe for upheaval. While no single cause can be held responsible, the convergence of long-standing structural grievances with immediate crises provided the combustible material for revolution. One of the central factors that prepared the ground for revolution was the deeply entrenched system of social inequality in France under the Ancien Régime. French society was divided into three estates: the clergy (First Estate), the nobility (Second Estate), and the commoners (Third Estate). The clergy and nobility, though representing a very small fraction of the population, enjoyed vast privileges, including exemption from many taxes and exclusive rights to certain offices and honors. The Third Estate, which made up nearly ninety-eight percent of the population, bore the burden of taxation, military conscription, and feudal dues, while being denied meaningful political participation. The resentment of peasants, artisans, and especially the burgeoning middle class against this unjust structure of privilege was a powerful source of discontent. Closely related to social grievances was the economic hardship faced by ordinary people, particularly in the decades preceding 1789. France was burdened with a mounting fiscal crisis due to years of mismanagement, extravagant court expenditure, and the enormous costs of financing wars. The Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) and, later, French participation in the American War of Independence (1775–1783) placed immense strain on the treasury. By the late eighteenth century, the monarchy was facing near bankruptcy. Attempts at fiscal reforms, such as introducing new taxes to be levied on the privileged estates,