The relationship between the European Union and China is one of the most complex and multifaceted in world affairs, reflecting both opportunities and tensions in economic, political, and strategic dimensions. On the one hand, China represents one of the EU’s most important trading partners, while on the other, significant divergences exist over human rights, political values, and global governance. The relationship has evolved from initial engagement based primarily on trade and investment to a broader and more strategic interaction, where cooperation, competition, and rivalry coexist simultaneously. Economically, the EU and China are deeply interdependent. China is the EU’s second-largest trading partner, and the EU is China’s largest export destination. Trade between the two entities encompasses a wide range of goods, from industrial machinery and cars exported by Europe to electronics, textiles, and consumer goods imported from China. The EU has also been an important source of foreign direct investment in China, while Chinese investments in Europe have increased significantly in sectors such as energy, transport, and technology. The Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI), though not yet ratified, reflects attempts to establish a more balanced framework for mutual investment by addressing issues like market access, subsidies, and state-owned enterprises. However, differences over fair competition, intellectual