The dialectical perspective on social stratification is primarily associated with the ideas of Karl Marx and later Marxist thinkers. It explains social stratification as a product of economic inequalities rooted in the ownership and control of the means of production. According to this perspective, society is divided into classes with conflicting interests, and these conflicts drive historical and social change. Social stratification is not viewed as a natural or functional arrangement but as a system of domination and exploitation maintained by the ruling class to protect its economic and political interests. The dialectical approach is based on the principle of dialectical materialism, which argues that material conditions shape social institutions, ideas, and relationships. Every society contains internal contradictions, particularly between those who own productive resources and those who sell their labour. These contradictions generate conflict, which eventually transforms the social structure. Thus, social stratification is dynamic rather than static, and it evolves through continuous struggles between opposing classes. Karl Marx identified two principal classes in capitalist society: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The bourgeoisie owns factories, industries, land, and capital, while the proletariat owns only its labour power, which it sells for wages. The bourgeoisie accumulates wealth by extracting surplus value from the labour of workers. This economic exploitation forms the basis of class inequality and social stratification. The interests of these two classes are fundamentally