Self-directed learning refers to a process in which learners take primary responsibility for planning, implementing, and evaluating their own learning, with learner support systems playing a facilitating role rather than a controlling one. Several models have been proposed to explain how self-directed learning operates, especially in open and distance education contexts where learner autonomy is central. One of the earliest and most influential models is Malcolm Knowles’ model of self-directed learning, rooted in the concept of andragogy. According to this model, learners diagnose their learning needs, formulate goals, identify resources, choose and implement strategies, and evaluate outcomes. Learner support systems in this model act as guides and facilitators,