Accident causation models help explain how and why accidents occur, enabling organizations to design preventive measures and improve safety performance. One of the earliest and most influential models is the Domino Theory proposed by H. W. Heinrich. This model suggests that accidents result from a sequence of events, like falling dominos, beginning with social environment and ancestry, followed by personal fault, unsafe acts or mechanical hazards, accidents, and finally injuries. Removing one domino—especially unsafe acts or hazardous conditions—can interrupt the sequence and prevent injury. Although simple and easy to apply, the model is sometimes criticized for focusing heavily on worker behavior and not sufficiently addressing organizational or system factors. Another widely recognized approach is the Swiss Cheese Model developed by James Reason. This model views safety systems as layers of defense, represented by slices of Swiss cheese. Each layer has weaknesses or “holes,” which may be due to human error, technical failure, or organizational shortcomings. Accidents occur when these holes temporarily align, allowing hazards to pass through all defenses. This model highlights that accidents usually arise from a combination of latent organizational failures