Share tenancy and fixed-rental systems are two distinct methods of agricultural land tenure, each with unique implications for productivity, incentives, and risk distribution. In a fixed-rental system, a tenant pays a predetermined amount of rent to the landowner, regardless of the output produced. The rent is usually monetary or in kind and is agreed upon at the start of the tenancy period. This system provides tenants with an incentive to maximize production because they retain the residual output after paying the fixed rent. Essentially, the tenant bears both the cost of cultivation and enjoys the full benefit of any additional effort or productivity gains. Risk associated with variations in output due to weather, pests, or other uncertainties is fully borne by the tenant, while the landlord receives a secure, fixed income. In contrast, share tenancy involves the tenant paying a fixed proportion of the output to the landowner rather than a fixed sum. Typically, this share is agreed upon in advance, such as one-third or one-half of the harvest. Both the landlord and the tenant share the output risk, since if yields are low, both parties’ returns fall. However, the incentive structure differs substantially from fixed rent. Because the tenant only retains a fraction of the marginal