Dependency theory emerged as a critical perspective on the development process, challenging conventional modernization theories that assumed all nations could follow a linear path to development similar to that of Western industrialized countries. The fundamental premise of dependency theory is that the global economic system is inherently unequal, structured in a way that perpetuates the underdevelopment of peripheral nations while benefiting the core, developed nations. It argues that the economic, political, and social conditions of developing countries are shaped by their historical and ongoing relationships with developed countries, particularly through processes of colonization, trade, and foreign investment. Unlike modernization theory, which emphasizes internal factors such as culture, governance, or technology as determinants of development, dependency theory stresses the structural constraints imposed by the international economic system. One of the central propositions of dependency theory is that underdevelopment is not merely a stage preceding development but a condition produced by the integration of peripheral countries into the world capitalist system. Peripheral nations are typically exporters of raw materials and importers of manufactured goods, which creates an asymmetrical exchange relationship. This pattern leads to a drain of resources from the periphery to the core, limiting the domestic accumulation of capital and technological advancement in developing nations. Dependency theorists also emphasize the role of multinational corporations, international financial institutions, and trade agreements in reinforcing dependency, as these entities often prioritize the interests of developed nations over local economic development. Another important proposition is that the internal class structures and power dynamics within peripheral countries are influenced by external dependencies. Local elites often align with foreign capital, perpetuating inequality and shaping national policies in ways that sustain dependence rather than promote self-sustained development. As a result, dependency theory sees economic growth in developing countries as potentially reinforcing dependency if it occurs within the framework dictated by the global capitalist system. Structural transformations, including the diversification of production and strengthening of domestic institutions, are necessary to break the cycle of