IGNOU MZO 004 2026 - Describe the key features, variability, and biological signi

Question

Describe the key features, variability, and biological significance of bacterial genomes, including operons, plasmids, PHX genes, and adaptations in Deinococcus radiodurans.

29 Jan 2026

Answer :

Word Count : 484

Bacterial genomes are compact and highly organized genetic systems that encode all the information required for cellular function, replication, and adaptation. Unlike eukaryotic genomes, bacterial DNA is usually a single circular chromosome, although some species may have linear chromosomes or multiple replicons. The bacterial genome is typically haploid, allowing rapid expression of beneficial mutations, and ranges widely in size from about 0.5 to 10 megabases depending on the species. Genome organization is streamlined with minimal non-coding DNA, reflecting strong evolutionary pressure for efficiency and rapid growth. A key feature of bacterial genomes is the presence of operons, which are clusters of functionally related genes transcribed together under the control of a single promoter. This arrangement allows coordinated regulation of metabolic pathways or stress responses, as seen in the lac operon controlling

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