Peace building, as a process aimed at creating sustainable peace in post-conflict societies, extends far beyond the cessation of violence. It involves reconstructing political institutions, promoting social reconciliation, ensuring justice, and fostering economic development to prevent the recurrence of conflict. Despite numerous international efforts and frameworks established to promote peace, the structural challenges that impede the success of peace building remain complex and deeply entrenched. These challenges are multidimensional, encompassing political, economic, social, and institutional factors that hinder the creation of stable, inclusive, and resilient societies. One of the primary structural challenges to peace building is the weakness of political institutions in post-conflict states. In many cases, prolonged conflict destroys the legitimacy and capacity of state institutions, leading to fragile governance systems that cannot effectively deliver public goods or maintain order. The absence of credible political institutions creates a vacuum that is often filled by warlords, militias, or corrupt elites who exploit peace processes for personal gain. Instead of fostering inclusive governance, post-conflict political settlements frequently reinforce elite bargains that marginalize certain groups. For instance, power-sharing agreements—though designed to end immediate hostilities—can entrench divisions by institutionalizing ethnic or sectarian identities within political systems. This structural flaw perpetuates competition among elites rather than encouraging cooperation and national unity, thereby undermining long-term peace building. Economic inequality and underdevelopment present another deep-rooted structural obstacle. Conflict-ridden societies often experience severe economic devastation, with destroyed infrastructure, limited access to resources, and disrupted livelihoods. The post-conflict reconstruction process tends to prioritize macroeconomic stabilization and foreign investment, often neglecting grassroots economic empowerment and equitable distribution of resources. This imbalance reinforces structural poverty and social exclusion, particularly among marginalized populations such as women, youth, and ethnic minorities. When economic recovery benefits only certain regions or social groups, resentment grows among those left behind, increasing the risk of renewed conflict. Furthermore, reliance on external aid and donor-driven agendas can create dependency and distort local economic priorities. The imposition of neoliberal economic reforms by international institutions may also undermine local industries and social welfare, eroding public trust in the peace process. Social fragmentation and identity-based divisions constitute yet another critical challenge to peace building. Many conflicts are rooted in historical injustices, ethnic discrimination, or colonial legacies that have institutionalized social hierarchies. Even after formal peace agreements are signed, these underlying tensions persist and can easily resurface if not properly addressed. Reconciliation processes often struggle to overcome deep-seated mistrust among communities, especially when mechanisms for truth, justice, and reparations are weak or politically manipulated. In some contexts, transitional justice