Peace building as a concept involves creating conditions that enable societies to move away from violent conflict toward sustainable peace, justice, and development. However, the process is never straightforward, as it faces multiple structural challenges that arise from political, economic, social, and institutional constraints. A critical examination of these challenges highlights the deeply rooted complexities of societies that have experienced conflict and the limitations of interventions aimed at building peace. Peace building requires not only conflict resolution but also structural transformation, yet structural challenges often become persistent obstacles that prevent long-lasting stability. One of the most significant structural challenges to peace building is weak governance and fragile state institutions. In many conflict-affected societies, governance systems are either corrupt, fragmented, or dominated by elites who prioritize their own survival rather than collective well-being. The absence of functioning institutions undermines the rule of law, human rights protection, and service delivery, creating a vacuum in which violence can re-emerge. Peace building initiatives often attempt to establish democratic structures, but when political institutions are not rooted in local traditions or when electoral processes are manipulated, they may deepen divisions rather than bridge them. Furthermore, weak judicial systems and lack of accountability contribute to impunity, allowing former combatants or political elites to avoid justice, thereby undermining trust in peace processes. Economic inequality and lack of development constitute another major structural challenge. Conflicts often emerge from grievances related to poverty, unemployment, and exclusion from economic opportunities. When post-conflict reconstruction fails to address structural economic disparities, resentment continues to grow, creating fertile ground for renewed violence. Resource-based economies, especially those dependent on oil, minerals, or land, exacerbate competition among groups and lead to conflict recurrence. International peace building efforts often focus on infrastructure development or economic liberalization, but these may widen inequality if not carefully implemented. For example, the rapid introduction of market reforms without considering local realities can lead to wealth concentration in the hands of elites and marginalize vulnerable populations. Sustainable peace requires equitable distribution of resources, inclusive development, and employment