The relationship between modernity and nature has been a central concern of environmental sociology, as it explores how the processes of modernization, industrialization, and technological development influence the natural world and how societies perceive and interact with it. Modernity, characterized by rapid scientific progress, urbanization, industrial production, and rationalization, has significantly reshaped human-environment interactions. Environmental sociologists argue that modernity produces both profound opportunities for understanding and managing nature, and severe ecological crises, highlighting a paradoxical relationship between human advancement and environmental sustainability. One of the foundational frameworks for understanding this relationship is the concept of the “human-nature dualism,” which emerged prominently during the Enlightenment and became central to modernity. Modernity often conceptualizes nature as an object to be controlled, studied, and exploited for human benefit. This perspective sees nature primarily through the lens of utility and productivity, emphasizing economic growth and technological mastery over ecological limits. The industrial revolution exemplifies this approach, transforming landscapes, water systems, forests, and biodiversity to serve industrial and urban needs. While these developments led to improved standards of living for many, they also introduced large-scale environmental degradation, such as deforestation, soil erosion, air and water pollution, and species extinction. The very logic of modernity, with its focus on progress and human domination over nature, has contributed to what environmental sociologists term the “ecological crisis.” Another dimension of the modernity-nature relationship is the role of scientific rationality and technological intervention. Modernity’s reliance on scientific methods enables humans to predict, control, and manipulate natural systems in unprecedented ways. Environmental management, climate modeling, biotechnology, and renewable energy technologies are examples of how modern science provides tools for mitigating ecological risks. However, the same faith in technological solutions can produce unintended consequences. For instance, large-scale engineering projects like dams, chemical agriculture, and industrial fisheries have disrupted ecosystems and caused long-term social and environmental impacts, illustrating what sociologists call the “risk society,” a term introduced by Ulrich Beck. The risk society highlights that modernity generates new forms of uncertainty and hazards for both humans and the natural environment, showing that the pursuit of control over nature is not without cost. Urbanization, a hallmark of modernity, also profoundly shapes the interaction with nature. Cities, while engines of economic and cultural growth, often replace natural landscapes with impervious surfaces, reducing biodiversity and altering hydrological cycles. Environmental sociologists examine how urban modernity creates a spatial