Solar energy and biomass energy are two prominent renewable energy sources, each with distinct mechanisms for energy conversion and varying efficiency and environmental implications. Solar energy relies primarily on the conversion of sunlight into electricity or heat through photovoltaic (PV) cells or solar thermal systems. PV cells convert solar radiation directly into electrical energy, whereas solar thermal systems use sunlight to heat a fluid, which can then produce steam for electricity generation. The efficiency of modern solar PV panels typically ranges from 15% to 22%, depending on technology, materials, and environmental conditions. Solar thermal systems, especially concentrated solar power (CSP) plants, can reach higher conversion efficiencies, sometimes exceeding 30%, particularly when integrated with thermal energy storage to maintain continuous operation. Despite moderate conversion efficiency, solar energy systems have minimal operational emissions, relying on sunlight alone, making their environmental impact relatively low after installation. The production of PV cells, however, involves energy-intensive manufacturing processes, chemical usage, and the eventual disposal or recycling of panels, which must be considered in life-cycle assessments. Biomass energy, in contrast, converts organic matter such as wood, crop residues, or dedicated energy crops into heat, electricity, or biofuels