Impulse and reaction turbines are two fundamental types of turbines used in energy conversion systems, particularly for converting the kinetic energy of fluids into mechanical energy for electricity generation. The key difference between the two lies in the way they extract energy from the working fluid and how the pressure and velocity of the fluid change throughout the turbine. In an impulse turbine, the entire pressure drop of the working fluid occurs in the stationary nozzles before the fluid reaches the rotor blades. The nozzles accelerate the fluid, converting the pressure energy into kinetic energy, which then strikes the rotor blades at high velocity. As a result, the rotor only experiences a change in the direction of fluid velocity, and no significant pressure change occurs across the rotor blades. This design allows the rotor to operate in a low-pressure environment, which reduces structural stress on the blades. Impulse turbines are commonly used in high-head, low-flow applications such as