The construction industry is one of the most hazardous sectors, and understanding accident causation theories is essential for preventing injuries and ensuring workplace safety. Among the various models developed to explain why accidents occur, the multiple causation theory and the energy transfer theory provide two distinct perspectives. Both contribute valuable insights into accident prevention, yet they differ in focus, underlying assumptions, and methods of application in construction safety management. The multiple causation theory is based on the premise that accidents do not result from a single cause but from a chain of interrelated factors. It emphasizes that unsafe conditions and unsafe acts are immediate causes, but these are often the outcomes of deeper root causes such as lack of training, poor supervision, inadequate safety policies, or organizational culture. For instance, a worker falling from scaffolding may appear to be caused by the immediate unsafe act of not wearing a harness, but underlying factors could include insufficient safety training, poor