Software architecture has evolved significantly in response to changes in computing technology, organizational requirements, network capabilities, and the increasing demand for efficient information sharing. Traditional computing environments were initially designed around standalone computers, where applications, data, and processing capabilities were located on individual machines. As organizations expanded and needed greater collaboration, centralized processing and networking became important. This evolution eventually led to client-server architecture, in which computing tasks and resources are distributed between client computers and one or more servers. In traditional desktop computing, commonly known as standalone or desktop-based computing, each user generally works on an individual personal computer. The operating system, application software, and data are installed or stored locally on the desktop. Examples include word processors, spreadsheets, presentation software, and database applications installed directly on a user's computer. Processing is primarily performed by the local computer. This model is relatively simple because it does not require extensive network infrastructure, but it creates difficulties when many users need to access common information or applications. One major limitation of traditional desktop computing is duplication of software and data. If an organization has hundreds of computers, the same application may need to be installed and maintained separately on every computer. Software updates, security patches, and configuration changes must also be performed on individual systems. Data may become distributed across different computers, making it difficult to maintain consistency and provide centralized access. Hardware failures can also result in data loss if adequate backup mechanisms are not available. The development of networking technology changed this situation. Local area networks allowed computers to communicate and share resources such as files, printers, and applications. File-server architecture was an important intermediate stage in the evolution of software architecture. In this model, application files or data were stored on a central file server while users accessed them through networked computers. Although this improved resource sharing, much of the application processing was still performed on individual desktop systems. As the number of users and complexity of applications increased, file-server systems could experience network congestion and performance problems. Client-server architecture emerged as a more sophisticated approach to distributed computing. In this architecture, the system is divided into clients and servers. A client is generally a user's computer or application that requests services, while a server is a computer or software system that provides those services. The server may manage databases, authentication, files, applications, printing, or other resources. Clients communicate with servers through a network using established communication protocols. A common example is a database application. The client application sends a request to a database server, and the server processes the request and returns the required results. Instead of transferring an entire database to the user's computer, the server can process queries and send only the necessary information. This can reduce network traffic and improve centralized management of organizational