Question
सामाजिक विज्ञान अनुसंधान में उपयोग किए जाने वाले विभिन्न मापन स्तरों के बीच अंतर स्पष्ट करें। शहरी विकास में सामाजिक चरों को मात्रात्मक रूप से मापने वाले मापन स्तरों का वर्णन करें।
Answer :
Word Count : 984
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सामाजिक विज्ञान अनुसंधान में परियोजनाओं और कार्यक्रमों की निगरानी और मूल्यांकन के लिए विभिन्न प्रकार के मापन स्तरों का उपयोग किया जाता है। मापन स्तर (Levels of Measurement) वह आधार होते हैं जिनके द्वारा किसी चर (variable) की जानकारी को व्यवस्थित और विश्लेषण योग्य रूप में प्रस्तुत किया जा सकता है। चार मुख्य मापन स्तर हैं: नाममात्रीय (Nominal), क्रमात्मक (Ordinal), अंतराल (Interval), और अनुपात (Ratio)। इन मापन स्तरों का चुनाव अनुसंधान के उद्देश्यों, डेटा की प्रकृति और विश्लेषण के प्रकार पर निर्भर करता है। नाममात्रीय मापन स्तर सबसे बुनियादी स्तर है, जिसमें केवल विभिन्न वर्गों या श्रेणियों के बीच अंतर दर्शाया जाता है। इसमें किसी भी प्रकार का क्रम या अंतराल नहीं होता। उदाहरण के लिए, शहरी विकास परियोजनाओं में निवासियों के लिंग (पुरुष, महिला, अन्य), क्षेत्र का प्रकार (औद्योगिक, आवासीय, वाणिज्यिक), या जातीय समूह एक नाममात्रीय चर हो सकते हैं। इस स्तर पर आंकड़ों का विश्लेषण मुख्यतः आवृत्ति (frequency) या प्रतिशत (percentage) के माध्यम से किया जाता है। क्रमात्मक मापन स्तर में डेटा को किसी विशेष क्रम में व्यवस्थित किया जा सकता है, लेकिन वर्गों के बीच की दूरी या अंतर समान नहीं होता। उदाहरण स्वरूप, शहरी क्षेत्रों में नागरिकों की जीवन संतुष्टि को “अत्यंत असंतुष्ट” से “अत्यंत संतुष्ट” तक मापा जा सकता है। यहाँ पर
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