Question
संस्कृति की परिभाषा दीजिए। उसके अर्थ एवं विशेषताओं की विवेचना कीजिए
Answer :
Word Count : 1338
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Skip in 10
संस्कृति मानव समाज की एक अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण अवधारणा है, जो मानव जीवन के प्रत्येक पक्ष को प्रभावित करती है। मानव केवल जैविक प्राणी नहीं है, बल्कि वह एक सामाजिक और सांस्कृतिक प्राणी भी है। मनुष्य अपने अनुभवों, ज्ञान, विश्वासों, मूल्यों, परंपराओं, रीति-रिवाजों और व्यवहारों के माध्यम से एक ऐसी जीवन-पद्धति का निर्माण करता है, जिसे संस्कृति कहा जाता है। मानवशास्त्र में संस्कृति का अध्ययन समाज और मानव व्यवहार को समझने का एक प्रमुख माध्यम माना जाता है। संस्कृति ही मनुष्य को अन्य जीवों से अलग पहचान प्रदान करती है, क्योंकि मनुष्य अपने व्यवहार को सीखता, विकसित करता और पीढ़ी-दर-पीढ़ी हस्तांतरित करता है। संस्कृति शब्द का सामान्य अर्थ जीवन जीने के तरीके से है। यह किसी समाज के सदस्यों द्वारा अपनाई गई उन सभी मान्यताओं, विचारों, व्यवहारों, संस्थाओं और प्रतीकों का समूह है, जो उनके सामाजिक जीवन को संचालित करते हैं। संस्कृति केवल भौतिक वस्तुओं तक सीमित नहीं होती, बल्कि इसमें अमूर्त तत्व जैसे भाषा, धर्म, नैतिकता, कला, ज्ञान, विश्वास और मूल्य भी सम्मिलित होते हैं। प्रत्येक समाज की अपनी विशिष्ट संस्कृति होती है, जो उसे अन्य समाजों से अलग बनाती है। मानवशास्त्र में संस्कृति की अनेक विद्वानों ने परिभाषाएँ दी हैं। प्रसिद्ध मानवशास्त्री एडवर्ड बर्नेट टायलर ने 1871 में अपनी पुस्तक "Primitive Culture" में संस्कृति की सबसे प्रसिद्ध परिभाषा प्रस्तुत की। उनके अनुसार, “संस्कृति वह जटिल समग्रता है जिसमें ज्ञान, विश्वास, कला, नैतिकता, कानून, प्रथा तथा वे सभी क्षमताएँ और आदतें सम्मिलित हैं, जिन्हें मनुष्य समाज के सदस्य के रूप में प्राप्त करता है।” टायलर की यह परिभाषा संस्कृति के व्यापक स्वरूप को स्पष्ट करती है। ब्रोनिस्लाव मालिनोवस्की के अनुसार संस्कृति मानव की आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति करने वाली एक व्यवस्था है। उन्होंने संस्कृति को सामाजिक संस्थाओं, परंपराओं और व्यवहारों की ऐसी प्रणाली माना जो मानव जीवन को व्यवस्थित करती है। राल्फ लिंटन ने संस्कृति
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