नौकरशाही कार्मिकों का वह समूह है जिस पर प्रशासन का केंद्र आधारित है। प्रत्येक राष्ट्र का शासन व प्रशासन इन्हीं नौकरशाहों के इर्द–गिर्द घूर्णन करता दिखाई देता है। 'नौकरशाही' शब्द जहाँ एक ओर अपने नकारात्मक अर्थों में लालफीताशाही, भ्रष्टाचार, पक्षपात, अहंकार, अभिजात्य उन्मुखी, अपनी प्रकृति के लिए कुख्यात है तो दूसरी ओर प्रगति, कल्याण, सामाजिक परिवर्तन एवं कानून व्यवस्था व सुरक्षा के सं वाहक के रूप में भी जाना जाता है।

शासन की धूरी इस नौकरशाही पर व्यापक रूप से शोध–अनुसंधान व विमर्श हुए हैं। वैबर , मार्क्स , बीग, ग्लैडन, पिफनर आदि विद्वानों ने इसको परिभाषित करते हुए इसकी अवधारणा अर्थ को समझाते हुए विश्लेषण अध्ययेताओं के समक्ष प्रस्तुत किया है।

विश्व में नौकरशाही अलग–अलग शासनों में अलग–अलग रूपों में व्याप्त है। जैसे संरक्षक नौकरशाही, अभिभावक नौकरशाही, जाति नौकरशाही, गुणों पर आधारित आदि।

परिभाषित दृष्टि से नौकरशाही शब्द फ्रांसीसी भाषा के शब्द 'ब्यूरो' से बना है जिसका अभिप्राय 'मेज प्रशासन' अर्थात् ब्यूरो अथवा कार्यालयों द्वारा प्रबन्ध। नौकरशाही अपनी भूमिका के कारण इतनी बदनाम हो गई है कि आज इसका अभिप्राय नकारात्मक सन्दर्भों में प्रयुक्त किया जाने लगा है। एनसाइक्लोपीडिया ब्रिटेनिका के अनुसार यह शब्द, ब्यूरो अथवा विभागों में प्रशासकीय शक्ति के केन्द्रित होने तथा राज्य के क्षेत्राधिकार से बाहर के विषयों में भी अधिकारियों के अनुचित हस्तक्षेप को व्यक्त करता है। मैक्स वेबर ने नौकरशाही को प्रशासन की एक ऐसी व्यवस्था माना है जिसकी विशेषता है , विशेषज्ञता, निष्पक्षता और मानवता का अभाव।

उपरोक्त परिभाषाओं में नौकरशाही शब्द अपने अर्थों में अनेकार्थ कता एवं विवादास्पदता लिए हुए है। माइकेल क्रोजियर ने ठीक ही लिखा है कि, 'नौकरशाही शब्द अस्पष्ट, अनेकार्थक और भ्रमोत्पादक है। मैक्स वेबर ने नौकरशाही के 'आदर्श रूप' की अवधारणा पेश की है जो कि प्रत्येक नौकरशाही में पायी जानी चाहिए। हालांकि यह आदर्श रूप अपनी यथार्थता में कभी भी उपलब्ध नहीं होता। मैक्स वेबर के नौकरशाही के आदर्श रूप में हमें निम्नलिखित विशेषताएँ देखने को मिलती हैं , जैसे – संगठन के सभी कर्मचारियों के बीच कार्य का सुनिश्चित एवं सुस्पष्ट विभाजन कर दिया जाता है। कर्त्तव्यों को पूरा करने हे तु सत्ता हस्तान्तरित की जाती है तथा उनको दृढ़ता के साथ ऐसे नियमों की सीमाओं में बां ध दिया जाता है जो कि बलपूर्वक लागू किये जाने वाले उन भौतिक एवं अभौतिक साधनों से सम्बन्धित होते हैं जो कि अधिकारियों ______ ___ ____ ___ ______ ________ ____ ______ __________ ___ ______ _________.
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