Question
शहरीकरण और विकास संबंधी मुद्दों और चुनौतियों को उजागर कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1242
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शहरीकरण वह प्रक्रिया है जिसके अंतर्गत जनसंख्या का एक बड़ा भाग ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों से नगरों और महानगरों की ओर स्थानांतरित होता है तथा आर्थिक, सामाजिक और भौतिक गतिविधियाँ शहरी क्षेत्रों में केंद्रित होने लगती हैं। भारत में औद्योगीकरण, सेवा क्षेत्र का विस्तार, बेहतर शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य सुविधाएँ, रोजगार के अवसर तथा परिवहन और संचार के विकास ने शहरीकरण की गति को तेज किया है। शहरीकरण विकास का एक महत्वपूर्ण संकेतक माना जाता है, क्योंकि यह आर्थिक उत्पादन, निवेश, नवाचार और आधुनिक जीवनशैली को बढ़ावा देता है। किंतु यदि इसका नियोजन संतुलित और प्रभावी ढंग से न किया जाए, तो यह अनेक गंभीर समस्याओं और चुनौतियों को जन्म देता है। शहरी स्थानीय शासन की भूमिका इन चुनौतियों का समाधान करने में अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण है। भारत में शहरीकरण की गति पिछले कुछ दशकों में उल्लेखनीय रूप से बढ़ी है। महानगरों के साथ-साथ मध्यम और छोटे शहर भी तेजी से विकसित हो रहे हैं। नगर आर्थिक गतिविधियों, व्यापार, उद्योग, सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी, शिक्षा और स्वास्थ्य सेवाओं के प्रमुख केंद्र बन चुके हैं। इसके कारण नगरों में रोजगार और निवेश के अवसर बढ़े हैं। साथ ही, शहरी क्षेत्रों का राष्ट्रीय सकल घरेलू उत्पाद में योगदान लगातार बढ़ रहा है। फिर भी विकास का यह स्वरूप समान रूप से संतुलित नहीं है, क्योंकि अधिकांश विकास कुछ चुनिंदा शहरों तक सीमित रह जाता है। अनियोजित शहरी विस्तार शहरीकरण की सबसे बड़ी चुनौती है। तेजी से बढ़ती जनसंख्या के कारण नगरों का विस्तार बिना उचित भूमि उपयोग योजना के होने लगता है। कृषि भूमि का तेजी से
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