Question
रोमन से ग्रेगोरियन कैलेण्डर तक की विकास-यात्रा को उदाहरण बनाकर समझाइए कि कैलेण्डर सुधार इतिहास में एक वैज्ञानिक अनिवार्यता कैसे बनता है।
Answer :
Word Count : 974
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Skip in 10
मानव समाज में समय की गणना केवल दैनिक जीवन की व्यवस्था भर नहीं रही है, बल्कि वह कृषि, धार्मिक अनुष्ठान, प्रशासन, कर-व्यवस्था और वैज्ञानिक चिंतन से गहराई से जुड़ी रही है। जैसे-जैसे खगोलीय ज्ञान विकसित हुआ, वैसे-वैसे यह स्पष्ट होता गया कि समय की माप में की गई छोटी-सी त्रुटि भी दीर्घकाल में बड़े सामाजिक और वैज्ञानिक संकट उत्पन्न कर सकती है। रोमन कैलेण्डर से ग्रेगोरियन कैलेण्डर तक की विकास-यात्रा इस तथ्य का सशक्त उदाहरण है कि कैलेण्डर सुधार इतिहास में केवल प्रशासनिक निर्णय नहीं, बल्कि एक वैज्ञानिक अनिवार्यता बन जाता है। प्राचीन रोमन कैलेण्डर मूलतः चंद्र चक्र पर आधारित था और उसमें वर्ष की अवधि 304 दिनों की मानी जाती थी। इसमें केवल दस महीने होते थे और शीत ऋतु के लगभग साठ दिन किसी भी महीने में नहीं गिने जाते थे। यह व्यवस्था कृषि और ऋतुचक्र से स्पष्ट रूप से असंगत थी। बाद में राजा नुमा पोम्पिलियस के समय जनवरी और फरवरी को जोड़कर वर्ष को 355 दिनों का बनाया गया, किंतु यह भी वास्तविक सौर वर्ष से लगभग 10–11 दिन छोटा था। इस अंतर को समायोजित करने के लिए बीच-बीच में एक अतिरिक्त महीना जोड़ा जाता था, परंतु यह कार्य पुजारियों और शासकों के विवेक पर निर्भर था। परिणामस्वरूप कैलेण्डर राजनीतिक हस्तक्षेप, भ्रष्टाचार और अव्यवस्था का शिकार हो गया। ऋतुएँ धीरे-धीरे
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