Question
यथार्थवाद का अर्थ स्पष्ट करते हुए आलोचनात्मक यथार्थवाद का विवेचन कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1307
________ _________ ________ __________ _________ ______ ______ _______ ___ _________ _____ _______.
_____ ____ ____ ________ _____ ________ ______.
____ _____ ____ ___ ____ ______ _____ ______ __________ ________.
_________ ________ ______ __________ ______ _______ ______ _______.
_______ ___ _____ ___ ____.
_____ __________ _________ _______ _____ _______.
__________ _______ _______ ______ _____ ________ _____ _________ ________ ______ ____.
_______ _____ ________ _______ ____ _____ _________ ___ _______ ____ ______ ____.
__________ _______ _______ __________ __________.
___ _____ ____ ____ _____ ______ _____ _______ ______ _______ ____.
_______ ________ _________ _______ ___ _____ _________ ____ _____ ____ _________ _______.
___ ________ __________ _______ __________ __________ __________ ______ ___ ____ ____.
___ ________ __________ _________ _________ _____.
__________ ________ _____ _____ __________ _____ ___ _____ _____ _____ ________ _______.
_________ ________ ___ ______ _____ ______.
_________ __________ __________ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ___ _____ ________.
__________ ___ _____ ____ ____.
_____ ________ _____ ___ _________ ______ ____ _______ ________.
______ ____ ________ __________ ______ ___ _______ _______ _____ ___.
_______ _______ _______ __________ ______ __________ ______ _________ __________ _____ _______.
_________ ___ ________ ____ _____ ____ ___ ______ ___.
_______ ___ ___ ______ ________ ______ ___.
________ _____ ________ ________ _________.
__________ __________ _________ ____ ________ _________ _____ ________ _____ ________ _____ ________.
______ _________ ___ _____ ___ __________ _________ ____.
____ ______ ______ ________ _____ _____ ________ __________.
___ ____ _____ _____ ___ _______ ___ ______ ____ ____ _____ ________.
________ ____ _______ ______ _______.
____ __________ _____ _________ __________ __________ ______ ___ _____.
______ __________ _________ __________ ____ _______ ________ _____ ____ _____ ________ _________.
_______ _________ _____ ___ _______ ___ ________ ______ __________ _______ _______ ____.
_____ _____ __________ ____ __________ __________.
_______ __________ __________ _______ __________ _________ _____ ____ _________ ____ _____ _________.
_____ ___ _______ ________ _________ ______ _________ ___ ____.
_______ __________ __________ _________ __________ _________ ___ ________ __________.
________ _____ _________ ________ ____ ____ _________ ____ ____ ________.
__________ ________ _________ __________ _______ ____ ____ _____ ________ __________ ____ _____.
_________ ________ ___ ___ _______ ________ __________ ______ ________ ________ _________ _______.
_______ ________ ________ ________ ______ _________ _________ _____ _________.
_________ __________ __________ ____ __________ ______ _____.
____ _______ ___ _______ _____ __________ ____ ________ _________ ______ _____.
_______ _____ ____ __________ _____ _____ ___ _________ _______ ___ ________ ____.
__________ ___ ______ _____ ___ _______ ________.
_________ __________ __________ _______ ______ _______ _________.
_____ ______ ___ _____ ______ _______ ______ _________.
_____ _________ _____ _____ _____ _________ ______ _____ ______ _____.
_____ ________ _____ _________ __________ _________ _____ __________ ______ _______.
______ _________ _________ ___ _______ ____ ________ ______ ___ ______ _______.
__________ ______ ____ ______ ________ _________.
_____ ________ ___ ________ ________ _________.
_______ __________ __________ ___ _________ __________ ________.
__________ ____ ______ ________ ______ ______.
________ ________ ____ ________ __________ ___ __________ __________ __________ ___.
____ ___ ____ _____ ________ ________ ________ _________ ___ _________ _____ _________.
________ _______ __________ _______ ___ __________ _______.
_______ _______ _____ _______ ____ __________.
_________ ________ _______ ____ __________ __________ ______ _____ ________ ____ ___ ___.
___ _____ _______ ______ ________ ___ ________ ___.
_________ ____ ________ __________ _____ ___ ___ __________ ________ _________ _____.
___ __________ ____ _____ _________ _________ __________ ___.
____ _________ __________ __________ ___ ________ ____ ________ __________.
______ ______ _____ _________ ___ __________ __________ ______ _______ _____.
_______ _______ _____ _________ ______ ___ ___ _____ _____.
____ ____ _____ ______ _________.
_________ _______ ______ ___ __________ ______ ____ _____ ______ __________ _______ _____.
______ ________ ___ ______ ___.
__________ _________ ______ ____ ________ _____ ____ __________ ______ _______.
_____ ______ ____ _____ ________ ________ _____ _______ _____.
____ __________ ___ ________ _____ _______ ____ _________ ____.
______ _________ ____ ____ _________ ____.
____ ___ ______ _________ ________ _______ ___ ____.
____ _________ ___ __________ _______.
________ ___ ____ _____ ____ ____ ____.
______ ______ ____ ___ ______ ______ _______ _____ __________ _____.
______ ________ ___ _______ __________.
_____ ____ _____ ____ _________ _____ __________.
______ _________ _________ __________ ________ ___ ___ ______ ________ ______ ________.
_________ ______ ___ ______ _____ __________ ________ ___ _______ ____ ________ ____.
__________ __________ _____ ___ ____ _______ _________ _____.
_____ ________ ___ ________ ________ _____ ________ _____ ____ _________ ________ ______.
___ ____ _________ ______ _________ ______ _____.
__________ ____ _____ _________ ____ ___ ___.
_____ ______ __________ ___ _______.
_______ __________ _____ _______ _______ ___ ________ _________ ____ _________.
_________ _____ _____ ________ __________.
____ ____ ________ ____ ________ ________ ________.
_____ _______ ___ __________ ____ ____.
___ ______ ________ _______ ______ ________ ____ ____ _____ ____ _____.
_____ ______ ___ _______ ______ ____.
______ ____ _________ _______ _________ ___ ____ ___ ________ ________ ____.
___ ____ _____ ____ _______ _____ __________ ________ _________ ____.
________ ______ _______ _____ ______ ____ _______ ___ _________ _______ __________ _________.
_____ _______ ___ ________ _________ __________ _________ _____ _____ _______ ________ _________.
______ _________ __________ ________ _____ __________ _____.
__________ ______ ____ _______ ______ _____ ______ ____.
_______ ____ ______ ________ ____ _______ ________ _________ _______ ___ ___.
________ _______ _________ ____ ____ ___ _________ __________ ______ ____ ______.
__________ ____ ________ ________ _________ _________ ___ ___ ________.
_________ _______ ______ _________ ______ _________ ________ _____ ______ _______ _____ _______.
__________ ______ ___ __________ __________ ________ ______ ____ __________ ___.
_____ _________ _____ ______ _______.
___ ____ ___ ____ _________ _________ _______.
________ _____ ______ ________ _________ __________ __________ _________ _______ ______.
____ __________ _______ ______ ___ ___ ____.
____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _________ _______ ____ ______ ________ ___ _________.
__________ ____ _____ ___ _____ ______ _________ __________ _________ ____ _________.
________ __________ _______ ___ ________ ______ ______ _____ ______ _____ _______ ______.
____ ____ __________ ______ _____.
___ ______ ____ ____ _______ ______ ___ __________ ___.
_________ ___ _________ __________ ____ ______ ________ ___ __________ _______ ______ ______.
______ ____ _______ _____ ____ _________ ___ ____ ______.
___ _____ __________ _________ ______ ____ __________ ____.
_________ ________ _____ ____ _________ ____.
_________ ______ ________ ________ ______ _________ ______ ____ ______ _______ _______ ________.
____ _____ ________ _________ _____ ______ __________ ______ ___.
________ _______ ______ ______ ______.
Skip in 10
यथार्थवाद साहित्य और कला की वह प्रवृत्ति है जिसमें जीवन और जगत को उसकी वास्तविक परिस्थितियों, सामाजिक संबंधों, संघर्षों तथा समस्याओं के साथ प्रस्तुत करने पर बल दिया जाता है। ‘यथार्थवाद’ शब्द ‘यथार्थ’ से बना है, जिसका अर्थ है—वास्तविकता के अनुरूप या जैसा वस्तुतः है वैसा। साहित्य में यथार्थवाद का उद्देश्य कल्पना, आदर्शीकरण और अतिरंजना के स्थान पर जीवन के वास्तविक रूप को अभिव्यक्त करना है। इसमें सामान्य मनुष्य, उसकी दैनिक समस्याएँ, सामाजिक विषमताएँ, आर्थिक संघर्ष, पारिवारिक संबंध, राजनीतिक परिस्थितियाँ और तत्कालीन समाज की वास्तविक संरचना साहित्य का विषय बनती हैं। यथार्थवादी रचनाकार जीवन को केवल बाहरी रूप में चित्रित नहीं करता, बल्कि उसके पीछे काम करने वाली सामाजिक और मानवीय शक्तियों को भी समझने का प्रयास करता है। पाश्चात्य साहित्य में यथार्थवाद का विकास मुख्यतः उन्नीसवीं शताब्दी में हुआ। रोमांटिकतावाद की कल्पनाप्रियता, भावुकता, व्यक्तिवाद और आदर्शवादी दृष्टिकोण के विरुद्ध यथार्थवाद की प्रवृत्ति विकसित हुई। औद्योगिक क्रांति, वैज्ञानिक दृष्टिकोण, नगरीकरण, पूँजीवादी व्यवस्था के विस्तार और सामाजिक वर्गों के बीच बढ़ती विषमता ने साहित्यकारों को जीवन की वास्तविक परिस्थितियों की ओर देखने के लिए प्रेरित किया। फ्रांस, इंग्लैंड और रूस में यथार्थवादी साहित्य का विशेष विकास हुआ। बाल्ज़ाक, फ्लोबेयर, चार्ल्स डिकेन्स, जॉर्ज एलियट, टॉल्स्टॉय, तुर्गनेव और दोस्तोयेव्स्की जैसे रचनाकारों ने अपने-अपने ढंग से यथार्थवादी साहित्य को समृद्ध किया। यथार्थवाद का एक महत्त्वपूर्ण आधार वस्तुनिष्ठता है। यथार्थवादी लेखक जीवन को अपनी निजी कल्पना या भावुक दृष्टि से बदलने के बजाय उसके वास्तविक स्वरूप को समझने का प्रयास करता है। वह समाज के सुखद पक्षों के साथ-साथ उसके दुखद, कुरूप और संघर्षपूर्ण पक्षों को भी सामने लाता है। इस दृष्टि से यथार्थवाद जीवन के उन वर्गों को भी साहित्य में स्थान देता है जिन्हें परंपरागत साहित्य में
_____ _______ _______ __________ __________ ______ ____ _________.________ _________ ________ __________ _________ ______ ______ _______ ___ _________ _____ _______.
_____ ____ ____ ________ _____ ________ ______.
____ _____ ____ ___ ____ ______ _____ ______ __________ ________.
_________ ________ ______ __________ ______ _______ ______ _______.
_______ ___ _____ ___ ____.
_____ __________ _________ _______ _____ _______.
__________ _______ _______ ______ _____ ________ _____ _________ ________ ______ ____.
_______ _____ ________ _______ ____ _____ _________ ___ _______ ____ ______ ____.
__________ _______ _______ __________ __________.
___ _____ ____ ____ _____ ______ _____ _______ ______ _______ ____.
_______ ________ _________ _______ ___ _____ _________ ____ _____ ____ _________ _______.
___ ________ __________ _______ __________ __________ __________ ______ ___ ____ ____.
___ ________ __________ _________ _________ _____.
__________ ________ _____ _____ __________ _____ ___ _____ _____ _____ ________ _______.
_________ ________ ___ ______ _____ ______.
_________ __________ __________ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ___ _____ ________.
__________ ___ _____ ____ ____.
_____ ________ _____ ___ _________ ______ ____ _______ ________.
______ ____ ________ __________ ______ ___ _______ _______ _____ ___.
_______ _______ _______ __________ ______ __________ ______ _________ __________ _____ _______.
_________ ___ ________ ____ _____ ____ ___ ______ ___.
_______ ___ ___ ______ ________ ______ ___.
________ _____ ________ ________ _________.
__________ __________ _________ ____ ________ _________ _____ ________ _____ ________ _____ ________.
______ _________ ___ _____ ___ __________ _________ ____.
____ ______ ______ ________ _____ _____ ________ __________.
___ ____ _____ _____ ___ _______ ___ ______ ____ ____ _____ ________.
________ ____ _______ ______ _______.
____ __________ _____ _________ __________ __________ ______ ___ _____.
______ __________ _________ __________ ____ _______ ________ _____ ____ _____ ________ _________.
_______ _________ _____ ___ _______ ___ ________ ______ __________ _______ _______ ____.
_____ _____ __________ ____ __________ __________.
_______ __________ __________ _______ __________ _________ _____ ____ _________ ____ _____ _________.
_____ ___ _______ ________ _________ ______ _________ ___ ____.
_______ __________ __________ _________ __________ _________ ___ ________ __________.
________ _____ _________ ________ ____ ____ _________ ____ ____ ________.
__________ ________ _________ __________ _______ ____ ____ _____ ________ __________ ____ _____.
_________ ________ ___ ___ _______ ________ __________ ______ ________ ________ _________ _______.
_______ ________ ________ ________ ______ _________ _________ _____ _________.
_________ __________ __________ ____ __________ ______ _____.
____ _______ ___ _______ _____ __________ ____ ________ _________ ______ _____.
_______ _____ ____ __________ _____ _____ ___ _________ _______ ___ ________ ____.
__________ ___ ______ _____ ___ _______ ________.
_________ __________ __________ _______ ______ _______ _________.
_____ ______ ___ _____ ______ _______ ______ _________.
_____ _________ _____ _____ _____ _________ ______ _____ ______ _____.
_____ ________ _____ _________ __________ _________ _____ __________ ______ _______.
______ _________ _________ ___ _______ ____ ________ ______ ___ ______ _______.
__________ ______ ____ ______ ________ _________.
_____ ________ ___ ________ ________ _________.
_______ __________ __________ ___ _________ __________ ________.
__________ ____ ______ ________ ______ ______.
________ ________ ____ ________ __________ ___ __________ __________ __________ ___.
____ ___ ____ _____ ________ ________ ________ _________ ___ _________ _____ _________.
________ _______ __________ _______ ___ __________ _______.
_______ _______ _____ _______ ____ __________.
_________ ________ _______ ____ __________ __________ ______ _____ ________ ____ ___ ___.
___ _____ _______ ______ ________ ___ ________ ___.
_________ ____ ________ __________ _____ ___ ___ __________ ________ _________ _____.
___ __________ ____ _____ _________ _________ __________ ___.
____ _________ __________ __________ ___ ________ ____ ________ __________.
______ ______ _____ _________ ___ __________ __________ ______ _______ _____.
_______ _______ _____ _________ ______ ___ ___ _____ _____.
____ ____ _____ ______ _________.
_________ _______ ______ ___ __________ ______ ____ _____ ______ __________ _______ _____.
______ ________ ___ ______ ___.
__________ _________ ______ ____ ________ _____ ____ __________ ______ _______.
_____ ______ ____ _____ ________ ________ _____ _______ _____.
____ __________ ___ ________ _____ _______ ____ _________ ____.
______ _________ ____ ____ _________ ____.
____ ___ ______ _________ ________ _______ ___ ____.
____ _________ ___ __________ _______.
________ ___ ____ _____ ____ ____ ____.
______ ______ ____ ___ ______ ______ _______ _____ __________ _____.
______ ________ ___ _______ __________.
_____ ____ _____ ____ _________ _____ __________.
______ _________ _________ __________ ________ ___ ___ ______ ________ ______ ________.
_________ ______ ___ ______ _____ __________ ________ ___ _______ ____ ________ ____.
__________ __________ _____ ___ ____ _______ _________ _____.
_____ ________ ___ ________ ________ _____ ________ _____ ____ _________ ________ ______.
___ ____ _________ ______ _________ ______ _____.
__________ ____ _____ _________ ____ ___ ___.
_____ ______ __________ ___ _______.
_______ __________ _____ _______ _______ ___ ________ _________ ____ _________.
_________ _____ _____ ________ __________.
____ ____ ________ ____ ________ ________ ________.
_____ _______ ___ __________ ____ ____.
___ ______ ________ _______ ______ ________ ____ ____ _____ ____ _____.
_____ ______ ___ _______ ______ ____.
______ ____ _________ _______ _________ ___ ____ ___ ________ ________ ____.
___ ____ _____ ____ _______ _____ __________ ________ _________ ____.
________ ______ _______ _____ ______ ____ _______ ___ _________ _______ __________ _________.
_____ _______ ___ ________ _________ __________ _________ _____ _____ _______ ________ _________.
______ _________ __________ ________ _____ __________ _____.
__________ ______ ____ _______ ______ _____ ______ ____.
_______ ____ ______ ________ ____ _______ ________ _________ _______ ___ ___.
________ _______ _________ ____ ____ ___ _________ __________ ______ ____ ______.
__________ ____ ________ ________ _________ _________ ___ ___ ________.
_________ _______ ______ _________ ______ _________ ________ _____ ______ _______ _____ _______.
__________ ______ ___ __________ __________ ________ ______ ____ __________ ___.
_____ _________ _____ ______ _______.
___ ____ ___ ____ _________ _________ _______.
________ _____ ______ ________ _________ __________ __________ _________ _______ ______.
____ __________ _______ ______ ___ ___ ____.
____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _________ _______ ____ ______ ________ ___ _________.
__________ ____ _____ ___ _____ ______ _________ __________ _________ ____ _________.
________ __________ _______ ___ ________ ______ ______ _____ ______ _____ _______ ______.
____ ____ __________ ______ _____.
___ ______ ____ ____ _______ ______ ___ __________ ___.
_________ ___ _________ __________ ____ ______ ________ ___ __________ _______ ______ ______.
______ ____ _______ _____ ____ _________ ___ ____ ______.
___ _____ __________ _________ ______ ____ __________ ____.
_________ ________ _____ ____ _________ ____.
_________ ______ ________ ________ ______ _________ ______ ____ ______ _______ _______ ________.
____ _____ ________ _________ _____ ______ __________ ______ ___.
________ _______ ______ ______ ______.
IGNOU ACADEMY
Your IGNOU journey, made easier.
- Solved Assignments
- Study Notes
- Guess Papers
- Question Papers
Continue Reading — It's Free
Sign in with Google to unlock more of this answer.
✓ Free access
✓ Unlock up to 60% of the answer
✓ No payment required
✓ Unlock up to 60% of the answer
✓ No payment required
Quick Google sign-in. No separate registration form.