Question
मेगस्थनीज की इंडिका
Answer :
Word Count : 1302
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मेगस्थनीज की *इंडिका* प्राचीन भारत के इतिहास लेखन की परंपरा में अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण विदेशी स्रोत मानी जाती है। यद्यपि इसका मूल ग्रंथ आज उपलब्ध नहीं है, फिर भी इसके अनेक अंश स्ट्रैबो, एरियन, डायोडोरस, प्लिनी तथा अन्य यूनानी-रोमन लेखकों के उद्धरणों के माध्यम से सुरक्षित हैं। इन उद्धरणों के आधार पर इतिहासकारों ने *इंडिका* की विषयवस्तु का पुनर्निर्माण किया है। यह ग्रंथ मौर्यकालीन भारत, विशेषकर चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य के शासनकाल की राजनीतिक, सामाजिक, आर्थिक, धार्मिक तथा सांस्कृतिक परिस्थितियों को समझने का एक महत्त्वपूर्ण स्रोत है। मेगस्थनीज यूनानी शासक सेल्यूकस निकेटर का राजदूत था। लगभग 302 ईसा पूर्व उसे चंद्रगुप्त मौर्य के दरबार में भेजा गया। उसने पाटलिपुत्र में पर्याप्त समय बिताया तथा भारत के विभिन्न भागों का भ्रमण भी किया। अपने प्रत्यक्ष अनुभवों, अवलोकनों तथा स्थानीय लोगों से प्राप्त सूचनाओं के आधार पर उसने *इंडिका* की रचना की। चूँकि वह एक विदेशी पर्यवेक्षक था, इसलिए उसकी दृष्टि भारतीय समाज को बाहरी नजरिए से देखने वाली थी। यही कारण है कि उसकी रचना में अनेक मौलिक जानकारियाँ तो मिलती हैं, किंतु कुछ भ्रम, अतिशयोक्ति और तथ्यगत त्रुटियाँ भी दिखाई देती हैं। *इंडिका* में भारत के भौगोलिक स्वरूप का विस्तृत वर्णन मिलता है। मेगस्थनीज ने भारत को विशाल, उपजाऊ तथा प्राकृतिक संसाधनों से सम्पन्न देश बताया है। उसने गंगा, सिंधु तथा अन्य नदियों का उल्लेख करते हुए कृषि के लिए उनकी उपयोगिता का वर्णन किया है। उसने लिखा कि भारत में भूमि अत्यंत उर्वर है तथा वर्ष में दो फसलें उत्पन्न होती हैं। उसने जलवायु, वनस्पति, पशु-पक्षियों और हाथियों की विशेष उपयोगिता का भी उल्लेख किया है। उसके विवरण से स्पष्ट होता है
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