Question
मनोविज्ञान में अनुसंधान की वर्णनात्मक, प्रयोगात्मक और सहसंबंध विधियों की चर्चा कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 934
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मनोविज्ञान में अनुसंधान का उद्देश्य मानव व्यवहार और मानसिक प्रक्रियाओं को समझना, व्याख्या करना तथा पूर्वानुमान करना है। इसके लिए विभिन्न वैज्ञानिक विधियों का उपयोग किया जाता है, जिनमें प्रमुख रूप से वर्णनात्मक, प्रयोगात्मक तथा सहसंबंध विधियाँ सम्मिलित हैं। ये तीनों विधियाँ अपने-अपने दृष्टिकोण, उद्देश्य, तकनीक तथा सीमाओं के आधार पर मनोवैज्ञानिक अध्ययन को समृद्ध बनाती हैं। वर्णनात्मक अनुसंधान विधि का मुख्य उद्देश्य किसी व्यवहार, घटना या मानसिक प्रक्रिया का यथार्थ एवं व्यवस्थित वर्णन करना होता है। इसमें शोधकर्ता किसी परिस्थिति को बिना नियंत्रित या परिवर्तित किए केवल उसका अवलोकन करता है। इस विधि के अंतर्गत प्राकृतिक अवलोकन, केस स्टडी, सर्वेक्षण तथा साक्षात्कार जैसी तकनीकों का प्रयोग किया जाता है। प्राकृतिक अवलोकन में व्यक्ति या समूह के व्यवहार को उनके स्वाभाविक परिवेश में देखा जाता है, जिससे वास्तविकता के निकट निष्कर्ष प्राप्त होते हैं। उदाहरण के लिए, बच्चों के खेल व्यवहार का अध्ययन उनके खेल के मैदान में किया जा सकता है। केस स्टडी में किसी एक व्यक्ति, समूह या घटना का गहन एवं विस्तृत अध्ययन किया जाता है, जैसे किसी मानसिक रोगी के व्यवहार का विश्लेषण। सर्वेक्षण विधि के अंतर्गत प्रश्नावली या साक्षात्कार के माध्यम से बड़ी संख्या में लोगों से जानकारी एकत्र की जाती
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