Question
मध्ययुगीन नीति काव्य
Answer :
Word Count : 1206
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मध्ययुगीन हिन्दी साहित्य में नीति काव्य का अत्यंत महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थान है। यह काव्यधारा मानव जीवन के नैतिक, सामाजिक, धार्मिक तथा व्यावहारिक पक्षों का मार्गदर्शन करती है। 'नीति' का अर्थ है—उचित आचरण, सद्व्यवहार, जीवन को सुचारु रूप से संचालित करने वाले सिद्धांत तथा लोकमंगल की भावना से प्रेरित व्यवहार। मध्ययुगीन नीति काव्य का उद्देश्य केवल मनोरंजन करना नहीं था, बल्कि मनुष्य को आदर्श जीवन जीने की प्रेरणा देना, समाज में नैतिक मूल्यों की स्थापना करना तथा व्यक्ति के चरित्र का निर्माण करना था। इस काव्य में धर्म, सत्य, दया, परोपकार, संयम, विवेक, सदाचार, विनम्रता, कर्तव्यपालन और लोकहित जैसे मूल्यों का अत्यंत प्रभावशाली चित्रण मिलता है। मध्यकालीन भारतीय समाज अनेक प्रकार की राजनीतिक अस्थिरताओं, सामाजिक विषमताओं, धार्मिक संघर्षों तथा सांस्कृतिक परिवर्तनों से गुजर रहा था। ऐसे समय में नीति काव्य ने समाज को संतुलित दृष्टि प्रदान की। यह काव्य व्यक्ति को जीवन के विविध पक्षों में उचित निर्णय लेने की प्रेरणा देता है। इसमें राजधर्म, प्रजाधर्म, मित्रता, शत्रुता, पारिवारिक संबंध, शिक्षा, धन, विद्या, समय का सदुपयोग तथा मानव व्यवहार से संबंधित अनेक शिक्षाएँ सरल और प्रभावशाली ढंग से प्रस्तुत की गई हैं। नीति काव्य की परंपरा भारतीय साहित्य में अत्यंत प्राचीन है। संस्कृत साहित्य में पंचतंत्र, हितोपदेश, चाणक्य नीति, विदुर नीति तथा भर्तृहरि के नीतिशतक ने इस परंपरा को समृद्ध किया। मध्ययुगीन हिन्दी कवियों ने इन्हीं स्रोतों से प्रेरणा लेकर लोकभाषाओं में नीति संबंधी विचारों का प्रचार किया। परिणामस्वरूप नीति काव्य जनसामान्य तक पहुँचा और लोकजीवन का अभिन्न अंग बन गया। मध्ययुगीन नीति काव्य की सबसे बड़ी विशेषता उसकी लोकाभिमुखता है। इसमें जटिल दार्शनिक विचारों के स्थान पर सरल, सहज और अनुभवजन्य शिक्षाएँ दी गई हैं। कवियों ने अपने जीवनानुभवों तथा समाज में प्रचलित घटनाओं के आधार पर ऐसे कथन प्रस्तुत किए जो आज भी समान रूप से प्रासंगिक प्रतीत होते
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