Question
भारत में मानव बस्तियों और सभ्यता के विकास में भूवैज्ञानिक संरचनाओं ने महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई। जाँच कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1361
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भारत में मानव बस्तियों और सभ्यता का विकास केवल मानवीय प्रयासों का परिणाम नहीं था, बल्कि देश की विविध भूवैज्ञानिक संरचनाओं ने इस प्रक्रिया को गहराई से प्रभावित किया। पर्वत, पठार, मैदान, नदी घाटियाँ, तटीय क्षेत्र, खनिज संपदा तथा जलवायु को नियंत्रित करने वाली भौगोलिक एवं भूवैज्ञानिक विशेषताओं ने मानव के निवास, आजीविका, कृषि, व्यापार, संस्कृति तथा राज्य निर्माण की दिशा निर्धारित की। भारत की भूवैज्ञानिक संरचना विश्व की प्राचीनतम संरचनाओं में से एक है, जिसमें आर्कियन शैलों से लेकर नवीन जलोढ़ मैदानों तक का विकासक्रम दिखाई देता है। यही विविधता भारतीय सभ्यता के क्रमिक विकास की आधारशिला बनी। मानव सभ्यता के प्रारम्भिक चरण में पाषाण युग के मानव ने अपने निवास के लिए उन क्षेत्रों का चयन किया जहाँ प्राकृतिक आश्रय, जल स्रोत तथा भोजन की उपलब्धता थी। भारत के प्रायद्वीपीय पठार की कठोर चट्टानों में स्थित भीमबेटका, बेलन घाटी, कर्नूल की गुफाएँ तथा नर्मदा घाटी जैसे क्षेत्रों में प्राप्त पुरापाषाण अवशेष इस तथ्य को स्पष्ट करते हैं कि भूवैज्ञानिक संरचनाओं द्वारा निर्मित गुफाएँ और शैलाश्रय प्रारम्भिक मानव के सुरक्षित निवास स्थल बने। इन क्षेत्रों की चट्टानी संरचना ने न केवल प्राकृतिक सुरक्षा प्रदान की बल्कि शैलचित्रों और सांस्कृतिक अभिव्यक्तियों के संरक्षण में भी योगदान दिया। नदियों का निर्माण भी भूवैज्ञानिक प्रक्रियाओं का परिणाम है और मानव बस्तियों के विकास में इनका सर्वोच्च स्थान रहा। हिमालय के उत्थान और उसके पश्चात विकसित सिंधु, गंगा तथा ब्रह्मपुत्र जैसी विशाल नदी प्रणालियों ने उपजाऊ जलोढ़ मैदानों का निर्माण किया। इन मैदानों की उर्वर मिट्टी, पर्याप्त जल तथा समतल भूमि ने स्थायी कृषि और स्थायी बस्तियों के विकास को संभव बनाया। परिणामस्वरूप मानव शिकारी-संग्राहक जीवन से कृषक जीवन की ओर अग्रसर हुआ। कृषि अधिशेष के कारण जनसंख्या वृद्धि, श्रम विभाजन तथा नगरों का विकास हुआ। सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता
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