Question
ब्रिटिश एवं डच कंपनियों ने हिन्द महासागर में व्यापारिक गतिविधियों को कैसे प्रभावित किया?
Answer :
Word Count : 1220
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Skip in 10
सोलहवीं और सत्रहवीं शताब्दी में हिन्द महासागर विश्व व्यापार का सबसे महत्वपूर्ण समुद्री क्षेत्र था। यह क्षेत्र पूर्वी अफ्रीका, अरब, फारस, भारत, श्रीलंका, दक्षिण-पूर्व एशिया तथा चीन को जोड़ने वाला विशाल व्यापारिक नेटवर्क था। इस क्षेत्र में मसाले, वस्त्र, रेशम, चीनी मिट्टी के बर्तन, कीमती पत्थर, मोती, घोड़े तथा धातुओं का व्यापक व्यापार होता था। प्रारंभ में इस व्यापार पर अरब, गुजराती, मलय, चीनी तथा अन्य एशियाई व्यापारियों का प्रभुत्व था। यूरोपीय शक्तियों के आगमन के साथ इस व्यापारिक व्यवस्था में महत्वपूर्ण परिवर्तन हुए। ब्रिटिश ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी तथा डच ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी (VOC) ने हिन्द महासागर की व्यापारिक गतिविधियों, समुद्री राजनीति तथा आर्थिक संरचना को गहराई से प्रभावित किया। डच ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी की स्थापना 1602 ई. में हुई जबकि ब्रिटिश ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी की स्थापना 1600 ई. में हुई। दोनों कंपनियों को अपने-अपने देशों की सरकारों द्वारा विशेष अधिकार प्रदान किए गए थे। उन्हें व्यापार करने, युद्ध करने, संधि करने, किले बनाने तथा सिक्के ढालने तक की अनुमति थी। इस प्रकार ये केवल व्यापारिक संस्थाएँ नहीं थीं, बल्कि अर्द्ध-राजनीतिक और अर्द्ध-सैनिक संगठन भी थीं। डच कंपनी का प्रमुख उद्देश्य मसाला व्यापार पर एकाधिकार स्थापित करना था। इसके लिए उसने इंडोनेशिया के मलुकु द्वीप, जावा तथा बन्दा द्वीपों पर अपना प्रभाव बढ़ाया। डचों ने स्थानीय शासकों के साथ संधियाँ कीं और आवश्यकता पड़ने पर सैन्य बल का प्रयोग किया। उन्होंने मसालों के उत्पादन और वितरण पर नियंत्रण स्थापित कर प्रतिस्पर्धियों को समाप्त करने का प्रयास किया। बन्दा द्वीपों में जायफल और जावित्री के व्यापार पर एकाधिकार प्राप्त करने के लिए डचों ने स्थानीय जनसंख्या पर कठोर दमन किया, जिससे पारंपरिक व्यापारिक व्यवस्था को भारी क्षति पहुँची। ब्रिटिश ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी का प्रारंभिक लक्ष्य भी मसालों का व्यापार था, परन्तु डचों
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