Question
फ्रांस में क्रांतिकारी परिवर्तन के लिए जमीन तैयार करने वाली कौन शक्तियां थी?
Answer :
Word Count : 1307
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अठारहवीं शताब्दी के उत्तरार्ध में फ्रांस एक ऐसे गहरे राजनीतिक, सामाजिक, आर्थिक और बौद्धिक संकट से गुजर रहा था जिसने 1789 की महान फ्रांसीसी क्रांति के लिए अनुकूल परिस्थितियाँ उत्पन्न कर दीं। यह क्रांति किसी एक घटना का परिणाम नहीं थी, बल्कि अनेक दीर्घकालीन तथा तात्कालिक शक्तियों के संयुक्त प्रभाव का परिणाम थी। इन शक्तियों ने पुरानी व्यवस्था (Ancien Régime) की वैधता को चुनौती दी और व्यापक जनसमर्थन के साथ क्रांतिकारी परिवर्तन का मार्ग प्रशस्त किया। फ्रांस की सामाजिक व्यवस्था अत्यंत असमान और विशेषाधिकारों पर आधारित थी। समाज तीन वर्गों अथवा एस्टेटों में विभाजित था। प्रथम एस्टेट में पादरी वर्ग (क्लर्जी) तथा द्वितीय एस्टेट में कुलीन वर्ग (नोबिलिटी) शामिल था। ये दोनों वर्ग अनेक प्रकार के विशेषाधिकारों का उपभोग करते थे। वे अधिकांश प्रत्यक्ष करों से मुक्त थे, उच्च प्रशासनिक एवं सैन्य पदों पर उनका प्रभुत्व था तथा सामंती अधिकारों के आधार पर किसानों से विभिन्न प्रकार के कर एवं सेवाएँ प्राप्त करते थे। इसके विपरीत तृतीय एस्टेट, जिसमें किसान, कारीगर, व्यापारी, मजदूर तथा मध्यम वर्ग सम्मिलित थे, जनसंख्या का लगभग 95 प्रतिशत था, किन्तु राजनीतिक अधिकारों से वंचित था। करों का अधिकांश भार इसी वर्ग पर पड़ता था। यह असमानता व्यापक असंतोष का कारण बनी। सामंती व्यवस्था भी क्रांतिकारी परिवर्तन के लिए जिम्मेदार प्रमुख शक्ति थी। किसानों को भूमि पर अनेक सामंती देयताओं का भुगतान करना पड़ता था। उन्हें जागीरदारों को विभिन्न प्रकार के कर, श्रमदान तथा अन्य सेवाएँ देनी होती थीं। चर्च द्वारा 'टाइट' (दशमांश) लिया जाता था। अनेक क्षेत्रों में किसानों को चक्की, भट्ठी तथा शराब बनाने की सुविधाओं का उपयोग करने के लिए भी सामंती शुल्क देना पड़ता था। इस प्रकार कृषि उत्पादन का बड़ा भाग करों और देयताओं में चला जाता था, जिससे किसानों में सामंती व्यवस्था के प्रति गहरा असंतोष उत्पन्न हुआ। आर्थिक संकट ने भी क्रांति की पृष्ठभूमि तैयार की। फ्रांस लंबे समय से युद्धों में संलग्न था। विशेष रूप से सात वर्षीय युद्ध तथा अमेरिकी स्वतंत्रता
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