Question
फैराहो के काल का मिस्र
Answer :
Word Count : 1208
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फैराहो के काल का मिस्र प्राचीन विश्व की सबसे विकसित और संगठित सभ्यताओं में से एक था। यह सभ्यता मुख्यतः नील नदी के तट पर विकसित हुई। नील नदी को मिस्र की जीवनरेखा कहा जाता था क्योंकि इसकी वार्षिक बाढ़ उपजाऊ मिट्टी लाती थी, जिससे कृषि का विकास हुआ और समृद्धि आई। मिस्र की सभ्यता का इतिहास लगभग 3100 ईसा पूर्व से प्रारम्भ माना जाता है, जब ऊपरी और निचले मिस्र का एकीकरण हुआ। इस एकीकरण के बाद फैराहो नामक शक्तिशाली शासकों का शासन स्थापित हुआ। फैराहो केवल राजा ही नहीं बल्कि देवताओं के प्रतिनिधि और पृथ्वी पर ईश्वर के अवतार माने जाते थे। उनके आदेशों का पालन धार्मिक कर्तव्य समझा जाता था। फैराहो के शासन की सबसे प्रमुख विशेषता केंद्रीकृत प्रशासन था। संपूर्ण राज्य का नियंत्रण फैराहो के हाथों में रहता था। भूमि, सेना, न्याय, कर व्यवस्था और धार्मिक संस्थाओं पर उसका पूर्ण अधिकार था। प्रशासन को व्यवस्थित रूप से चलाने के लिए अनेक अधिकारियों की नियुक्ति की जाती थी। सबसे प्रमुख अधिकारी वज़ीर होता था, जो राजा का मुख्य सलाहकार और प्रशासनिक प्रमुख होता था। उसके अधीन कर संग्रहकर्ता, न्यायाधीश, सैनिक अधिकारी तथा प्रांतीय प्रशासक कार्य करते थे। इस प्रकार मिस्र में अत्यंत संगठित प्रशासनिक व्यवस्था विकसित हुई। मिस्र की अर्थव्यवस्था का आधार कृषि थी। नील नदी की बाढ़ के बाद भूमि अत्यंत उपजाऊ हो जाती थी, जिससे गेहूँ, जौ, सन, सब्जियाँ और फलों की खेती होती थी। सिंचाई के लिए नहरों और जलाशयों का निर्माण किया जाता था। किसान राज्य को कर के रूप में अपनी उपज का एक निश्चित भाग देते थे। कृषि के अतिरिक्त पशुपालन, मछली पालन, हस्तशिल्प तथा व्यापार भी
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