Question
प्रारंभिक आधुनिक यूरोप पर वाणिज्यिक क्रांति के प्रभाव की प्रकृति पर टिप्पणी कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1265
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Skip in 10
वाणिज्यिक क्रांति 15वीं से 17वीं शताब्दी के बीच पश्चिमी यूरोप में होने वाले उन व्यापक आर्थिक परिवर्तनों को कहा जाता है, जिनके परिणामस्वरूप व्यापार, वाणिज्य, बैंकिंग, मुद्रा, वित्त तथा उपनिवेशवादी गतिविधियों का तीव्र विस्तार हुआ। भौगोलिक खोजों, समुद्री मार्गों के विकास, अमेरिका और एशिया के साथ बढ़ते संपर्क तथा यूरोपीय राज्यों की आर्थिक और राजनीतिक शक्ति के विस्तार ने इस प्रक्रिया को गति दी। वाणिज्यिक क्रांति केवल व्यापार के विस्तार तक सीमित नहीं थी, बल्कि इसने प्रारंभिक आधुनिक यूरोप की अर्थव्यवस्था, समाज, राज्य-व्यवस्था और अंतरराष्ट्रीय संबंधों की प्रकृति को भी गहराई से प्रभावित किया। वाणिज्यिक क्रांति की सबसे महत्वपूर्ण विशेषता व्यापार के भौगोलिक विस्तार के रूप में सामने आई। 1492 में कोलंबस की अमेरिका यात्रा तथा 1498 में वास्को-दा-गामा द्वारा भारत तक समुद्री मार्ग की खोज ने यूरोपीय व्यापार की दिशा बदल दी। इससे भूमध्यसागरीय व्यापार के साथ-साथ अटलांटिक महासागर का महत्व तेजी से बढ़ा। पुर्तगाल और स्पेन के बाद नीदरलैंड, इंग्लैंड और फ्रांस भी समुद्री व्यापार तथा उपनिवेशवादी प्रतिस्पर्धा में शामिल हो गए। यूरोप का आर्थिक संबंध अब केवल यूरोप और भूमध्यसागरीय क्षेत्रों तक सीमित नहीं रहा, बल्कि अमेरिका, अफ्रीका और एशिया तक फैल गया। अटलांटिक व्यापार के विस्तार ने यूरोपीय अर्थव्यवस्था में महत्वपूर्ण परिवर्तन किए। अमेरिका से सोना-चाँदी यूरोप पहुँचा, विशेष रूप से स्पेन के माध्यम से। अमेरिका से प्राप्त विशाल मात्रा में चाँदी के कारण यूरोप में मुद्रा की आपूर्ति बढ़ी और कीमतों में उल्लेखनीय वृद्धि हुई। 16वीं शताब्दी में होने वाली इस मूल्य-वृद्धि को सामान्यतः ‘मूल्य क्रांति’ कहा जाता है। कीमतों में वृद्धि का प्रभाव विभिन्न सामाजिक वर्गों पर समान नहीं था। निश्चित आय पर निर्भर सामंती जमींदारों को कठिनाइयों का सामना करना पड़ा, जबकि व्यापारियों और उन किसानों को लाभ हुआ जो बाजार
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