Question
प्रमुख हॉथोर्न प्रयोगों का वर्णन कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 635
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हॉथोर्न प्रयोग औद्योगिक संगठन और प्रबंधन के इतिहास में अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण माने जाते हैं। इन प्रयोगों का संचालन 1924 से 1932 के बीच अमेरिका के शिकागो नगर स्थित वेस्टर्न इलेक्ट्रिक कंपनी के हॉथोर्न संयंत्र में किया गया। इनका उद्देश्य प्रारंभ में यह जानना था कि कार्यस्थल की भौतिक परिस्थितियाँ, जैसे प्रकाश, तापमान तथा कार्य के घंटे, श्रमिकों की उत्पादकता को किस प्रकार प्रभावित करते हैं। इन प्रयोगों का नेतृत्व एल्टन मेयो तथा उनके सहयोगियों ने किया। इन अध्ययनों ने यह सिद्ध किया कि श्रमिक केवल आर्थिक प्राणी नहीं हैं, बल्कि उनकी सामाजिक, मनोवैज्ञानिक तथा भावनात्मक आवश्यकताएँ भी उनके कार्य-निष्पादन को प्रभावित करती हैं। प्रमुख हॉथोर्न प्रयोग निम्नलिखित हैं। प्रथम, प्रकाश प्रयोग (Illumination Experiment) का उद्देश्य यह ज्ञात करना था कि प्रकाश की तीव्रता में परिवर्तन से श्रमिकों की कार्यक्षमता पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ता है। इसके लिए श्रमिकों को दो समूहों में विभाजित किया गया। एक समूह में प्रकाश की मात्रा बदली जाती थी, जबकि दूसरे समूह में प्रकाश लगभग
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